If a fish can pass the mark test, what are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals?

鏡に映る姿が自分だと認識できる能力「鏡像自己認知」は、ヒト以外ではチンパンジーで確認され、その後イルカ、ゾウ、カラスの仲間などで知られてきました。いずれも高度な社会生活をおくる動物です。魚類でも高い社会生活をする、高い認知能力を示す種類が知られつつあります。今回の研究対象であるホンソメワケベラは、大きな魚の寄生虫を取り除いてくれる掃除屋として知られ、高い認知能力を示す魚類の一種です。鏡像自己認知の成立過程　チンパンジーやゾウに鏡を見せると、はじめは同種他個体とみなします。しかし、しばらくすると鏡の前で不自然な行動を繰り返し行い、この「確認行動」により自分だと認識するようで、その後は鏡を使って自分の体を調べ始めます。自分の体を調べる段階で鏡像自己認知ができたと考えられています。

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The ability to perceive and recognise a reflected mirror image as self (mirror self-recognition, MSR) is considered a hallmark of cognition across species. Although MSR has been reported in mammals and birds, it is not known to occur in any other major taxon. Potentially limiting our ability to test for MSR in other taxa is that the established assay, the mark test, requires that animals display contingency testing and self-directed behaviour. These behaviours may be difficult for humans to interpret in taxonomically divergent animals, especially those that lack the dexterity (or limbs) required to touch a mark. Here, we show that a fish, the cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus, shows behaviour that may reasonably be interpreted as passing through all phases of the mark test: (i) social reactions towards the reflection, (ii) repeated idiosyncratic behaviours towards the mirror, and (iii) frequent observation of their reflection. When subsequently provided with a coloured tag in a modified mark test, fish attempt to remove the mark by scraping their body in the presence of a mirror but show no response towards transparent marks or to coloured marks in the absence of a mirror. This remarkable finding presents a challenge to our interpretation of the mark test—do we accept that these behavioural responses, which are taken as evidence of self-recognition in other species during the mark test, lead to the conclusion that fish are self-aware? Or do we rather decide that these behavioural patterns have a basis in a cognitive process other than self-recognition and that fish do not pass the mark test? If the former, what does this mean for our understanding of animal intelligence? If the latter, what does this mean for our application and interpretation of the mark test as a metric for animal cognitive abilities?

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1. [17K18712] to MK from JSPS. 2. [16H05773] to MK from JPSP. 3. [26118511]to MK from JSPS. / 追加実験. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001529

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Public Library of Science

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eng

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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501

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journal article

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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85

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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000021

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2024-10-31 02:35:20.673228

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